02043    a2200349   4500001001100000005001700011008003900028020001800067037003600085040000700121041000800128072001500136072001400151072001500165072001600180072001500196072001500211072001300226072001200239072001300251072001400264072001500278072001500293072002100308072002600329100001800355245009700373250000600470260003200476300001000508520117500518113885138820250317100410.0250312042015GB                   eng    a9781138851382  bTaylor & FranciscGBP 37.99fBB  a01  aeng7 aJPS2thema7 aJW2thema7 aGTU2thema7 aJPWL2thema7 a1FB2bisac7 a1KB2bisac7 aJPS2bic7 aJW2bic7 aGTJ2bic7 aJPWL2bic7 a1FB2bisac7 a1KB2bisac7 aPOL0000002bisac7 a327.73056090482bisac1 aMattia Toaldo10aOrigins of the US War on TerrorbLebanon, Libya and American Intervention in the Middle East  a1  aOxfordbRoutledgec20150427  a224 p  bThe war on terror did not start after 9/11, rather its origins must be traced back much further to the Reagan administration and the 1980s. Utilizing recently declassified archival resources, Toaldo offers an in-depth analysis of how ideas and threat perceptions were shaped both by traditional US policy in the Middle East during the Cold War and by the cooperation with the Israeli right. The book examines two case studies of American intervention in the region and of its reactions to terrorism: Lebanon between 1982 and 1984 and Libya from 1981 to 1986. The first encounter with Hizbullah and the ‘pre-emptive strike’ against Qadhafi are analyzed in light of the recently released sources. Tracing foreign policy thinking developed by Reagan officials and Israeli intellectuals and leaders, the work demonstrates the significant impact this thinking had on US foreign policy after 9-11: ideas such as pre-emptive strikes, regime change and state-sponsorship were elaborated in the Reagan years and would later influence Bush’s Global War on Terror. The book will be of great interest to scholars of US Foreign Policy, Middle East studies and American history.